Advertisement
Guideline| Volume 28, ISSUE 8, P1084-1091, August 2022

Download started.

Ok

Asian guidelines for syphilis

      Centers for disease control and prevention

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Theel E.S.
        • Katz S.S.
        • Pillay A.
        Molecular and direct detection tests for Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum: a review of the literature.
        Clin Infect Dis. 2020; 71 (1964–2017): S4-S12
        • Cohen S.E.
        • Klausner J.D.
        • Engelman J.
        • Philip S.
        Syphilis in the modern era: an update for physicians.
        Infect Dis Clin. 2013; 27: 705-722
        • Rowley J.
        • Vander Hoorn S.
        • Korenromp E.
        • et al.
        Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates.
        Bull World Health Organ. 2016; 97 (2019): 548-562
        • Ghanem K.G.
        • Ram S.
        • Rice P.A.
        The modern epidemic of syphilis.
        N Engl J Med. 2020; 382: 845-854
        • Echigoya Y.
        • Yamaguchi T.
        • Imamura A.
        • Nishiura H.
        Estimating the syphilis incidence and diagnosis rate in Japan: a mathematical modelling study.
        Sex Transm Infect. 2020; 96: 516-520
        • Kamb M.L.
        • Taylor M.M.
        • Ishikawa N.
        Rapid increases in syphilis in reproductive-aged women in Japan: a warning for other countries?.
        Sex Transm Dis. 2018; 45: 144-146
        • Li H.
        • Tan J.
        • Luo Z.
        • et al.
        Standardized treatment and determinants on 9,059 syphilis-infected pregnant women during 2015-2018 in Hunan, China.
        Sci Rep. 2020; 1012026
        • Sharma M.
        • Rewari B.B.
        • Aditama T.Y.
        • et al.
        Control of sexually transmitted infections and global elimination targets, South-East Asia Region.
        Bull World Health Organ. 2021; 99: 304-311
        • Prabhakar P.
        • Narayanan P.
        • Deshpande G.R.
        • et al.
        Genital ulcer disease in India: etiologies and performance of current syndrome guidelines.
        Sex Transm Dis. 2012; 39: 906-910
        • Medhi G.K.
        • Mahanta J.
        • Hazarika I.
        • et al.
        Syphilis infection among female sex workers in Nagaland, Northeast India: analysing their vulnerability to the infection.
        Int J STD AIDS. 2013; 24: 193-197
        • Arora P.
        • Nagelkerke N.J.D.
        • Moineddin R.
        • et al.
        Female sex work interventions and changes in HIV and syphilis infection risks from 2003 to 2008 in India: a repeated cross-sectional study.
        BMJ Open. 2013; 3e002724
        • Yu M.
        • Lee H.R.
        • Han T young
        • et al.
        A solitary erosive patch on the left nipple. Extragenital syphilitic chancres.
        Int J Dermatol. 2012; 51: 27-28
        • Streit E.
        • Hartschuh W.
        • Flux K.
        Solitary lesion on finger. Primary syphilitic lesion on finger.
        Acta Derm Venereol. 2013; 93: 251-252
        • Zheng S.
        • Liu J.
        • Xu X.-G.
        • et al.
        Primary syphilis presenting as bilateral nipple-areola eczematoid lesions.
        Acta Derm Venereol. 2014; 94: 617-618
        • Cillino S.
        • Di Pace F.
        • Trizzino M.
        • et al.
        Chancre of the eyelid as manifestation of primary syphilis, and precocious chorioretinitis and uveitis in an HIV-infected patient: a case report.
        BMC Infect Dis. 2012; 12: 226
        • Aichelburg M.C.
        • Rieger A.
        Primary syphilitic chancre on the upper arm in an HIV-1-infected patient.
        Int J STD AIDS. 2012; 23: 597-598
        • Bernabeu-Wittel J.
        • Rodríguez-Cañas T.
        • Conejo-Mir J.
        Primary syphilitic chancre on the hand with regional adenopathy.
        Sex Transm Dis. 2010; 37: 467
        • Katz K.A.
        Dory flop sign of syphilis.
        Arch Dermatol. 2010; 146: 572
        • Penton J.
        • French P.
        Primary syphilis of the urethral meatus complicated by urethral stricture.
        Int J STD AIDS. 2011; 22: 527-528
        • Read P.J.
        • Donovan B.
        Clinical aspects of adult syphilis.
        Intern Med J. 2012; 42: 614-620
        • Oanţă A.
        • Irimie M.
        Syphilitic balanitis of Follmann.
        Int J Dermatol. 2014; 53: 830-831
        • Breznik V.
        • Potočnik M.
        • Miljković J.
        Papulonodular secondary syphilis in a 52-year-old non-HIV heterosexual patient.
        Acta Dermatovenerol Alp PannonicaAdriat. 2010; 19: 27-30
        • Rosmaninho A.
        • Sanches M.
        • Lobo I.
        • et al.
        Nodular secondary syphilis.
        Eur J Dermatol. 2011; 21: 136-137
        • Glatz M.
        • Achermann Y.
        • Kerl K.
        • et al.
        Nodular secondary syphilis in a woman.
        BMJ Case Rep. 2013; 2013bcr2013009130
        • Dupnik K.M.
        • Martins M.M.C.
        • Souza A.T.D.S.
        • et al.
        Nodular secondary syphilis simulating lepromatous leprosy.
        Lepr Rev. 2012; 83: 389-393
        • Acharya V.
        • Varghese G.K.
        • Roy A.
        Secondary syphilis mimicking cutaneous lymphoma.
        J Indian Med Assoc. 2011; 109: 196-197
        • Park S.Y.
        • Kang J.H.
        • Roh J.H.
        • et al.
        Secondary syphilis presenting as a generalized lymphadenopathy: clinical mimicry of malignant lymphoma.
        Sex Transm Dis. 2013; 40: 490-492
        • Yayli S.
        • della Torre R.
        • Hegyi I.
        • et al.
        Late secondary syphilis with nodular lesions mimicking Kaposi sarcoma in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus.
        Int J Dermatol. 2014; 53: e71-73
        • Gori A.
        • Maio V.
        • Grazzini M.
        • et al.
        Secondary syphilis mimicking Kaposi sarcoma in an HIV patient.
        Eur J Dermatol. 2013; 23: 120-121
        • Arora S.
        • Dhali T.K.
        • Haroon M.A.
        Vesicular syphilid in a seropositive patient.
        Int J STD AIDS. 2013; 24: 905-907
        • Hernández-Bel P.
        • Unamuno B.
        • Sánchez-Carazo J.L.
        • et al.
        Syphilitic alopecia: a report of 5 cases and a review of the literature.
        ActasDermosifiliogr. 2013; 104: 512-517
        • Qiao J.
        • Fang H.
        Moth-eaten alopecia: a sign of secondary syphilis.
        CMAJ (Can Med Assoc J). 2013; 185: 61
        • Miranda MFR de
        • Bittencourt M. de JS.
        • Lopes I. da C.
        • Cumino S. do SM.
        Leucodermasyphiliticum: a rare expression of the secondary stage diagnosed by histopathology.
        An Bras Dermatol. 2010; 85: 512-515
        • Wu M.-C.
        • Hsu C.-K.
        • Lee J.Y.-Y.
        • et al.
        Erythema multiforme-like secondary syphilis in a HIV-positive bisexual man.
        Acta Derm Venereol. 2010; 90: 647-648
        • Pastuszczak M.
        • Woźniak W.
        • Jaworek A.K.
        • Wojas-Pelc A.
        Pityriasis lichenoides-like secondary syphilis and neurosyphilis in a HIV-infected patient.
        Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2013; 30: 127-130
        • Boix V.
        • Merino E.
        • Reus S.
        • et al.
        Polyostotic osteitis in secondary syphilis in an HIV-infected patient.
        Sex Transm Dis. 2013; 40: 645-646
        • Gnanasegaram M.
        • Coutts I.
        A case of adrenal insufficiency secondary to syphilis and difficulties in the diagnostic work-up.
        Australas J Dermatol. 2013; 54: e19-21
        • Scheurkogel M.M.
        • Tim J.
        • Jeurissen F.J.F.
        • Quarles van Ufford H.M.E.
        Gummatous syphilis of the adrenal gland.
        Clin Nucl Med. 2012; 37: e231-233
        • Ablanedo-Terrazas Y.
        • la Barrera C.A.
        • Ruiz-Cruz M.
        • Reyes-Terán G.
        Oropharyngeal syphilis among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
        Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2013; 122: 435-439
        • Leuci S.
        • Martina S.
        • Adamo D.
        • et al.
        Oral Syphilis: a retrospective analysis of 12 cases and a review of the literature.
        Oral Dis. 2013; 19: 738-746
        • Vasudevan B.
        • Verma R.
        • Pragasam V.
        • et al.
        A rare case of secondary syphilis manifesting as immune reconstitution syndrome in an HIV-positive patient.
        J Int Assoc Phys AIDS Care. 2013; 12: 380-383
        • Gupta S.K.
        • Bhattacharya A.
        • Singh R.
        • Agarwal V.K.
        Syphilis D’ emblee.
        Indian J Dermatol. 2012; 57: 296-298
        • Munshi S.
        • Raghunathan S.K.
        • Lindeman I.
        • Shetty A.K.
        Meningovascular syphilis causing recurrent stroke and diagnostic difficulties: a scourge from the past.
        BMJ Case Rep. 2018; 2018bcr2018225255
        • de Voux A.
        • Kidd S.
        • Torrone E.A.
        Reported cases of neurosyphilis among early syphilis cases—United States, 2009 to 2015.
        Sex Transm Dis. 2018; 45: 39-41
        • Kingston M.
        • French P.
        • Higgins S.
        • et al.
        UK national guidelines on the management of syphilis 2015.
        Int J STD AIDS. 2016; 27: 421-446
        • Kayal A.K.
        • Goswami M.
        • Das M.
        • Paul B.
        Clinical spectrum of neurosyphilis in North East India.
        Neurol India. 2011; 59: 344-350
        • Zhang H.-L.
        • Lin L.-R.
        • Liu G.-L.
        • et al.
        Clinical spectrum of neurosyphilis among HIV-negative patients in the modern era.
        Dermatology. 2013; 226: 148-156
        • Revathi T.N.
        • Bhat S.
        • Asha G.S.
        Benign nodular tertiary syphilis: a rare presenting manifestation of HIV infection.
        Dermatol Online J. 2011; 17: 5
        • Feller L.
        • Chandran R.
        • Marnewick J.C.
        • et al.
        Syphilis in the context of HIV infection.
        SADJ. 2011; 66: 288-291
        • De Socio G.V.L.
        • Simonetti S.
        • Tomasini C.
        • et al.
        Malignant syphilis with ocular involvement in an HIV-infected patient.
        Int J STD AIDS. 2011; 22: 298-300
        • Rajan J.
        • Prasad P.V.S.
        • Chockalingam K.
        • Kaviarasan P.K.
        Malignant syphilis with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
        Indian Dermatol Online J. 2011; 2: 19-22
        • Pföhler C.
        • Koerner R.
        • von Müller L.
        • et al.
        Lues maligna in a patient with unknown HIV infection.
        BMJ Case Rep. 2011; 2011bcr0520114221
        • Kelly J.D.
        • LeLeux T.M.
        • Citron D.R.
        • et al.
        Ulceronodular syphilis (lues maligna praecox) in a person newly diagnosed with HIV infection.
        BMJ Case Rep. 2011; 2011bcr1220103670
        • Owusu-Edusei K.
        • Koski K.A.
        • Ballard R.C.
        The tale of two serologic tests to screen for syphilis--treponemal and nontreponemal: does the order matter?.
        Sex Transm Dis. 2011; 38: 448-456
        • Archana B.R.
        • Prasad S.R.
        • Beena P.M.
        • Okade R.
        Making serological diagnosis of syphilis more accurate.
        Indian J Sex Transm Dis. 2014; 35: 70-71
        • Liu L.-L.
        • Lin L.-R.
        • Tong M.-L.
        • et al.
        Incidence and risk factors for the prozone phenomenon in serologic testing for syphilis in a large cohort.
        Clin Infect Dis. 2014; 59: 384-389
        • Binnicker M.J.
        • Jespersen D.J.
        • Rollins L.O.
        Treponema-specific tests for serodiagnosis of syphilis: comparative evaluation of seven assays.
        J Clin Microbiol. 2011; 49: 1313-1317
        • Mishra S.
        • Boily M.-C.
        • Ng V.
        • et al.
        The laboratory impact of changing syphilis screening from the rapid-plasma reagin to a treponemal enzyme immunoassay: a case-study from the Greater Toronto Area.
        Sex Transm Dis. 2011; 38: 190-196
        • Ortiz D.A.
        • Shukla M.R.
        • Loeffelholz M.J.
        The traditional or reverse algorithm for diagnosis of syphilis: pros and cons.
        Clin Infect Dis. 2020; 71: S43-S51
        • Onoe T.
        • Honda M.
        • Matsuo K.
        • et al.
        Examination of the correlation between the manual and automated serological testing methods for syphilis.
        J Dermatol. 2012; 39: 355-361
        • Tsuboi M.
        • Nishijima T.
        • Aoki T.
        • et al.
        Usefulness of automated latex turbidimetric rapid plasma reagin test for diagnosis and evaluation of treatment response in syphilis in comparison with manual card test: a prospective cohort study.
        J Clin Microbiol. 2018; 56: e01003-e01018
        • Gupte S.
        • Daly C.
        • Agarwal V.
        • et al.
        Introduction of rapid tests for large-scale syphilis screening among female, male, and transgender sex workers in Mumbai, India.
        Sex Transm Dis. 2011; 38: 499-502
        • Jafari Y.
        • Peeling R.W.
        • Shivkumar S.
        • et al.
        Are Treponema pallidum specific rapid and point-of-care tests for syphilis accurate enough for screening in resource limited settings? Evidence from a meta-analysis.
        PLoS One. 2013; 8e54695
        • Gupta V.
        • Sharma V.K.
        Syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections: a critical appraisal and the road ahead.
        Natl Med J India. 2019; 32: 147-152
        • Zhou C.
        • Zhang X.
        • Zhang W.
        • et al.
        PCR detection for syphilis diagnosis: status and prospects.
        J Clin Lab Anal. 2019; 33e22890
        • Boog G.H.P.
        • Lopes J.V.Z.
        • Mahler J.V.
        • et al.
        Diagnostic tools for neurosyphilis: a systematic review.
        BMC Infect Dis. 2021; 21: 568
        • Davis A.P.
        • Stern J.
        • Tantalo L.
        • et al.
        How well do neurologic symptoms identify individuals with neurosyphilis?.
        Clin Infect Dis. 2018; 66: 363-367
        • Ceccarelli G.
        • Borrazzo C.
        • Lazzaro A.
        • et al.
        Diagnostic issues of asymptomatic neurosyphilis in HIV-positive patients: a retrospective study.
        Brain Sci. 2019; 9: 278
        • Marra C.M.
        • Maxwell C.L.
        • Smith S.L.
        • et al.
        Cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in patients with syphilis: association with clinical and laboratory features.
        J Infect Dis. 2004; 189: 369-376
        • Marra C.M.
        • Tantalo L.C.
        • Maxwell C.L.
        • et al.
        The rapid plasma reagin test cannot replace the venereal disease research laboratory test for neurosyphilis diagnosis.
        Sex Transm Dis. 2012; 39: 453-457
        • Harding A.S.
        • Ghanem K.G.
        The performance of cerebrospinal fluid treponemal-specific antibody tests in neurosyphilis: a systematic review.
        Sex Transm Dis. 2012; 39: 291-297
        • Marks M.
        • Lawrence D.
        • Kositz C.
        • Mabey D.
        Diagnostic performance of PCR assays for the diagnosis of neurosyphilis: a systematic review.
        Sex Transm Infect. 2018; 94: 585-588
        • Clement M.E.
        • Okeke N.L.
        • Hicks C.B.
        Treatment of syphilis A systematic review.
        JAMA. 2014; 312: 1905-1917
        • Liu H.-Y.
        • Han Y.
        • Chen X.-S.
        • et al.
        Comparison of efficacy of treatments for early syphilis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and observational studies.
        PLoS One. 2017; 12e0180001
        • Ghanem K.G.
        • Erbelding E.J.
        • Cheng W.W.
        • Rompalo A.M.
        Doxycycline compared with benzathine penicillin for the treatment of early syphilis.
        Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 42: e45-49
        • Wong T.
        • Singh A.E.
        • De P.
        Primary syphilis: serological treatment response to doxycycline/tetracycline versus benzathine penicillin.
        Am J Med. 2008; 121: 903-908
        • Tsai J.-C.
        • Lin Y.-H.
        • Lu P.-L.
        • et al.
        Comparison of serological response to doxycycline versus benzathine penicillin G in the treatment of early syphilis in HIV-infected patients: a multi-center observational study.
        PLoS One. 2014; 9e109813
        • Li J.
        • Zheng H.-Y.
        Early syphilis: serological treatment response to doxycycline/tetracycline versus benzathine penicillin.
        J Infect Dev Ctries. 2014; 8: 228-232
        • Xiao H.
        • Liu D.
        • Li Z.
        • et al.
        Comparison of doxycycline and benzathine penicillin G for the treatment of early syphilis.
        Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2017; 25: 107-111
        • Cao Y.
        • Su X.
        • Wang Q.
        • et al.
        A Multicenter study evaluating ceftriaxone and benzathine penicillin G as treatment agents for early syphilis in Jiangsu, China.
        Clin Infect Dis. 2017; 65: 1683-1688
        • Spornraft-Ragaller P.
        • Abraham S.
        • Lueck C.
        • Meurer M.
        Response of HIV-infected patients with syphilis to therapy with penicillin or intravenous ceftriaxone.
        Eur J Med Res. 2011; 16: 47-51
        • Psomas K.C.
        • Brun M.
        • Causse A.
        • et al.
        Efficacy of ceftriaxone and doxycycline in the treatment of early syphilis.
        Med Maladies Infect. 2012; 42: 15-19
        • Onoda Y.
        Clinical evaluation of amoxycillin in the treatment of syphilis.
        J Int Med Res. 1979; 7: 539-545
        • Tanizaki R.
        • Nishijima T.
        • Aoki T.
        • et al.
        High-dose oral amoxicillin plus probenecid is highly effective for syphilis in patients with HIV infection.
        Clin Infect Dis. 2015; 61: 177-183
        • Ikeuchi K.
        • Fukushima K.
        • Tanaka M.
        • et al.
        Clinical efficacy and tolerability of 1.5 g/day oral amoxicillin therapy without probenecid for the treatment of syphilis.
        Sex Transm Infect. 2021; (sextrans-2020-054823)
        • Nishijima T.
        • Kawana K.
        • Fukasawa I.
        • et al.
        Effectiveness and tolerability of oral amoxicillin in pregnant women with active syphilis, Japan.
        Emerg Infect Dis. 2020; 26 (2010–2018): 1192-1200
        • Bai Z.G.
        • Wang B.
        • Yang K.
        • et al.
        Azithromycin versus penicillin G benzathine for early syphilis.
        Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; CD007270
        • Zhou P.
        • Li K.
        • Lu H.
        • et al.
        Azithromycin treatment failure among primary and secondary syphilis patients in Shanghai.
        Sex Transm Dis. 2010; 37: 726-729
        • Yang C.-J.
        • Tang H.-J.
        • Chang S.-Y.
        • et al.
        Comparison of serological responses to single-dose azithromycin (2 g) versus benzathine penicillin G in the treatment of early syphilis in HIV-infected patients in an area of low prevalence of macrolide-resistant Treponema pallidum infection.
        J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016; 71: 775-782
        • Ganesan A.
        • Mesner O.
        • Okulicz J.F.
        • et al.
        A single dose of benzathine penicillin G is as effective as multiple doses of benzathine penicillin G for the treatment of HIV-infected persons with early syphilis.
        Clin Infect Dis. 2015; 60: 653-660
        • Andrade R.
        • Rodriguez-Barradas M.C.
        • Yasukawa K.
        • et al.
        Single dose versus 3 doses of intramuscular benzathine penicillin for early syphilis in HIV: a randomized clinical trial.
        Clin Infect Dis. 2017; 64: 759-764
        • Workowski K.A.
        • Bachmann L.H.
        • Chan P.A.
        • et al.
        Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021.
        MMWR Recomm Rep (Morb Mortal Wkly Rep). 2021; 70: 1-187
        • Brown S.T.
        • Zaidi A.
        • Larsen S.A.
        • Reynolds G.H.
        Serological response to syphilis treatment. A new analysis of old data.
        JAMA. 1985; 253: 1296-1299
        • Seña A.C.
        • Zhang X.-H.
        • Li T.
        • et al.
        A systematic review of syphilis serological treatment outcomes in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected persons: rethinking the significance of serological non-responsiveness and the serofast state after therapy.
        BMC Infect Dis. 2015; 15: 479
        • Tong M.-L.
        • Lin L.-R.
        • Liu G.-L.
        • et al.
        Factors associated with serological cure and the serofast state of HIV-negative patients with primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary syphilis.
        PLoS One. 2013; 8e70102
        • Ren R.-X.
        • Wang L.-N.
        • Zheng H.-Y.
        • Li J.
        No improvement in serological response among serofast latent patients retreated with benzathine penicillin.
        Int J STD AIDS. 2016; 27: 58-62
        • Luo Z.
        • Ding Y.
        • Yuan J.
        • et al.
        Predictors of seronegative conversion after centralized management of syphilis patients in Shenzhen, China.
        Front Public Health. 2021; 9755037
        • Liu Y.
        • Bian Q.
        • Zhang S.
        • et al.
        Is repeated retreatment necessary for HIV-negative serofast early syphilis patients?.
        Exp Ther Med. 2020; 19: 255-263
        • Marra C.M.
        • Maxwell C.L.
        • Tantalo L.C.
        • et al.
        Normalization of serum rapid plasma reagin titer predicts normalization of cerebrospinal fluid and clinical abnormalities after treatment of neurosyphilis.
        Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 47: 893-899